Resumo Introdução: O diagnóstico por imagem da neoplasia pseudopapilar sólida do pâncreas (NPS) é difícil. O diagnóstico pré-operatório obtido pela endosonografia com punção aspirativa por agulha fina (USE-PAF) é possível e tem sido relatado na literatura em tumores do pâncreas. No entanto, sua indicação é controversa e merece discussão. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a acurácia da USE-PAF no diagnóstico de pacientes com NPS, descrever os achados da tomografia computadorizada (TC), colangiopancreatografia por ressonância magnética (RM/CPRM) e USE, comparando os métodos de imagem isolados aos achados da microhistologia (McH) obtida pela USE-PAF. Material e Métodos: Revisamos retrospectivamente os prontuários de pacientes submetidos à USE-PAF com suspeita de NPS em exames de imagem de 5 hospitais brasileiros de alto volume (dois universitários e três privados). Foram anotados prospectivamente os dados demográficos, os achados da TC, RM/CPRM e USE e o re sultado da McH obtida pela USE-PAF. O diagnóstico final foi obtido após o anatomopatológico da peça operatória em todos os pacientes (padrão-ouro). Comparamos os resultados da TC, RM/CPRM, EUS isoladas e da McH obtida pela USE-PAF com o padrão-ouro. Resultados: Cinquenta e quatro pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 49 (90.7%) eram mulheres com média de idade de 33.4 (11-78) anos. O sintoma mais frequente foi dor abdominal, presente em 35.2%. A NPS foi detectada acidentalmente em 32 (59%) pacientes. O tamanho médio da lesão foi de 3.8 cm (SD: 2.26). O achado mais comum à USE foi lesão sólida, sólida/cística e cística em 52.9%, 41.1% e 7.8%, respectivamente. O diagnóstico final foi NPS (51) e tumor neuroendócrino pancreático não funcionante [NF-NET] (3). O diagnóstico correto feito pela TC, RM, USE e USE-PAF foi feito em 21.9%, 28.9%, 64.7% e 88.2, respectivamente. A USE-PAF associada a TC e a RM aumentou o desempenho diagnóstico de 21.9% para 94.1% e de 28.8% para 94.1%, respectivamente. Conclusões: NPS são raras, identificadas de forma acidental na maioria dos casos e afetam principalmente mulheres jovens. O diagnóstico diferencial entre NPS, NF-NET e outros tipos de lesões com exames de imagem isolados pode ser difícil. A USE-PAF aumenta a chance do diagnóstico pré-operatório em caso de dúvida diagnóstica e deve ser usado sempre que necessário para descartar NF-NET ou outro tipo de lesão nodular sólida ou sólido/cística do pâncreas.

Abstract Introduction: Imaging diagnosis of pancreatic solid-pseudo-papillary neoplasms (SPNs) is difficult. Preoperative diagnosis by endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is possible and has been reported in the literature in pancreatic tumors. However, its usefulness is still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of the EUS-FNA in the diagnosis of patients with SPN and describe the findings in computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography imaging (MRI/ MRCP), and EUS therefore comparing the imaging methods alone to the findings of microhistology (McH) obtained by EUS-FNA. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients undergoing EUS-FNA with suspected SPN in imaging studies in 5 Brazilian high-volume hospitals (two university hospitals and three private hos-pitals). The demographic data; findings in CT, MRI/MRCP, and EUS; and McH results obtained by EUS-FNA were noted prospectively. The final diagnosis was obtained after the anatomopathological examination of the surgical specimen in all patients (gold standard), and we compared the results of CT, MRI/MRCP, EUS, and the McH with the gold standard. Results: Fifty-four patients were included in the study, of which 49 (90.7%) were women with an average age of 33.4 (range 11-78) years. The most common symptom presented was abdominal pain, present in 35.2% patients. SPN was detected incidentally in 32 (59%) patients. The average size of the tumors was 3.8 cm (SD: 2.26). The most common finding at EUS was a solid, solid/cystic, and cystic lesion in 52.9%, 41.1%, and 7.8% patients, respectively. The final diagnosis was 51 patients with SPN and 3 with nonfunctioning pancreatic neuro-endocrine tumors (NF-NET). The correct diagnosis was made by CT, MRI/MRCP, EUS isolated, and EUS-FNA in 21.9%, 28.88%, 64.71%, and 88.24%, respectively. EUS-FNA associated with CT and MRI increased diagnostic performance from 22.72% to 94.11% and from 29.16% to 94.11%, respectively. Conclusions: SPN are rare, incidentally identified in most cases, and affect young women. Differential diagnosis between SPN, NF-NET, and other types of tumors with imaging tests can be difficult. EUS-FNA increases preoperative diagnosis in case of diagnostic doubt and should be used whenever necessary to rule out NF-NET or other type of solid/cystic nodular lesion of the pancreas.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A papilectomia endoscópica tem sido a opção terapêutica menos invasiva no tratamento de tumores precoces que acometem a papila duodenal maior. OBJETIVO: Avaliar pacientes com tumores ampulares precoces submetidos a papilectomia endoscópica com finalidade curativa, com relação ao sucesso técnico (avaliação histopatológica da margem tumoral) e sua segurança (taxa de eventos adversos [EAs]). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente dados demográficos, exame histopatológico e evolução clínica pré e pós-procedimento de pacientes consecutivos submetidos a papilectomia endoscópica. Os desfechos avaliados foram o sucesso técnico (avaliação histopatológica de tumor residual) e taxa de EAs. RESULTADOS: Um total de 21 prontuários de pacientes com predominância feminina (13 casos, 61,9%) foi incluído no estudo. O diagnóstico tumoral foi incidental em 8 (38%) casos. A taxa de margem de ressecção negativa foi 72% (15 casos); três destas lesões confirmaram displasia de alto grau (DAG) no espécime ressecado e seis casos de neoplasia invasora. Houve recorrência tumoral em dois casos e a mediana de seguimento foi de 12 meses, com 23% de taxa de perda de seguimento (cinco casos). Seis (28,5%) pacientes apresentaram EAs, todos precoces (hemorragia e pancreatite aguda); nenhum destes necessitou de intervenção cirúrgica e não houve mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: A papilectomia endoscópica permitiu sucesso técnico, com a completa remoção de lesões neoplásicas ampulares na maioria dos casos com taxa de EAs aceitáveis. A taxa de recorrência tumoral deve ser cuidadosamente avaliada em estudos futuros. Houve um aumento recente do número de procedimentos realizados. Também houve baixa correlação entre o diagnóstico histológico pré e pós-procedimento para a presença de adenocarcinoma invasor e adenoma com DAG, com predomínio de lesões adenomatosas superficiais.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic papillectomy has been conceived as a less invasive therapeutic option for treatment of early neoplastic lesions located at the major duodenal papilla. OBJECTIVE: Evaluating patients with early ampullary lesions who underwent curative intent endoscopic papillectomy related to technical success (histopathological tumor margin assessment) and safety (adverse event rate). METHODS: A retrospective study including consecutive patients who underwent curative intent endoscopic papillectomy for demographic, histopathological and pre-/post-procedural clinical assessment. Endpoints were technical success (histopathological residual tumor assessment) and adverse events rates. RESULTS: A total of 21 medical records patients with a female predominance (13 cases, 61.9%) were included. The tumor was incidental in 8 (38%) cases. Negative residual tumor resection margin rate was 72% (15 cases); three of these cases confirmed high-grade dysplasia in the resected specimen, and six cases were invasive neoplasia. Tumoral recurrence was seen in two cases, and median follow-up time was 12 months, with a 23% loss rate (five patients). Six (28.5%) patients had adverse events, all of them early (bleeding and pancreatitis); none of them required surgical intervention and there was no mortality. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic papillectomy allowed for technical successful procedure with complete removal of ampullary neoplastic lesions in the majority of cases with acceptable adverse event rates. Recurrence rate should be carefully assessed in further studies. There was a recent increase in the number of procedures. There was also a low correlation between pre- and post-histopathological assessment regarding the presence of invasive carcinoma and adenoma with high grade dysplasia, with a predominance of superficial neoplastic adenomatous lesions.

RESUMO Objetivo: determinar o papel da ultrassonografia endoscópica (UE) em relação à ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e ao exame sob anestesia (ESA) no manejo de pacientes com doença de Crohn fistulizante perianal. Métodos: estudo observacional transversal com pacientes com doença de Crohn perianal, avaliados em um centro terciário de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil, de fevereiro de 2016 a março de 2017. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à UE, RMN e ESA. O grau de concordância entre os três métodos foi avaliado através da obtenção do coeficiente de Kappa. Um valor de Kappa de 0,7 ou maior indicou boa concordância. O teste não paramétrico de Friedman foi utilizado para comparar o número de trajetos fistulosos detectados em cada modalidade. Considerou-se o nível de significância estatística como p<0,05. Resultados: vinte pacientes foram incluídos. Houve concordância entre os três exames em 11 pacientes. O nível de concordância de Kappa entre os três exames foi 0,53 (moderado) (p<0,001). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao número de trajetos fistulosos detectados nos três exames (p=0,641). Houve falha na identificação de um trajeto fistuloso em três pacientes com a UE, em três pacientes com a RMN e em dois pacientes com o ESA. Conclusão: a UE foi comparável à RMN e ao ESA para avaliação da doença de Crohn fistulizante perianal, e pode ser considerada um exame válido para investigação pré-operatória desses pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the role of endoscopic ultrasonography (EU) in comparison with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and examination under anesthesia (EUA) in the management of patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional, observational study with patients with perianal Crohn's disease evaluated at a tertiary center in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, from February 2016 to March 2017. All patients underwent EU, MRI and EUA. We evaluated the degree of agreement between the three methods by obtaining the Kappa coefficient. A Kappa value of 0.7 or greater indicated good agreement. We used the Friedman's non-parametric test to compare the number of fistulous paths detected in each modality. We set the level of statistical significance at p<0.05. Results: we included 20 patients. There was agreement between the three exams in 11 patients. The level of Kappa agreement between the three exams was 0.53 (moderate - p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in relation to the number of fistulous trajectories detected in the three exams (p=0.641). EU failed to identify a fistulous pathway in three patients; MRI failed in three; and EUA failed in two. Conclusion: EU was comparable to MRI and EUA for the evaluation of perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease, and can be considered a valid exam for preoperative investigation of such patients.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the technical feasibility and homogeneity of drug distribution of pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) based on a novel process of intraperitoneal drug application (multidirectional aerosolization). Methods: This was an in vivo experimental study in pigs. A single-port device was manufactured at the smallest diameter possible for multidirectional aerosolization of the chemotherapeutic drug under positive intraperitoneal pressure. Four domestic pigs were used in the study, one control animal that received multidirectional microjets of 9 mL/sec for 30 min and three animals that received multidirectional aerosolization (pig 02: 9 mL/sec for 30 min; pigs 03 and 04: 3 mL/sec for 15 min). Aerosolized silver nitrate solution was applied for anatomopathological evaluation of intraperitoneal drug distribution. Results: Injection time was able to maintain the pneumoperitoneum pressure below 20 mmHg. The rate of moderate silver nitrate staining was 45.4% for pig 01, 36.3% for pig 02, 36.3% for pig 03, and 72.7% for pig 04. Conclusions: Intra-abdominal drug distribution had a broad pattern, especially in animals exposed to the drug for 30 min. Our sample of only four animals was not large enough to demonstrate an association between aerosolization and a higher silver nitrate concentration in the stained abdominal regions.

Teaching models in endoscopy are important tools to minimize risks derived from endoscopic procedures, taking into account that therapeutic endoscopy, also known as surgical endoscopy, has greatly developed during the last decade. This results from the fact that minimally invasive procedures present relevant contributions and promote more comfort to patients. In this context, ex vivo teaching models and virtual simulators are important tools to the safe acquisition of abilities. In this article, the Brazilian Society of Digestive Endoscopy presents and describes its first course of therapeutic ERCP and EUS in models of laboratory teaching.

Los modelos de enseñanza en endoscopía son herramientas importantes para minimizar los riesgos de los procedimentos endoscópicos. En la última década la endoscopía terapéutica o también llamada endoscopía-quirúrgica, tuvo gran desarollo debido a que los procedimentos minimamente invasivos tienen mejores resultados para la calidad de vida del paciente. En este contexto, los modelos experimentales y animales son herramientas muy importantes para los alumnos. En este artículo de revisión y presentación, los miembros de la Sociedad Brasilera de Endoscopía Digestiva presentan el primer Curso Taller en Ecoendoscopía terapéutica y CPRE en el Congreso Nacional del 2015.

Racional: Os tumores estromais ou mesenquimais gastrointetinais (GIST) são lesões originárias da parede do tubo digestivo cujo tratamento requer remoção cirúrgica. Diversas técnicas por via laparoscópica - gastrectomias e ressecções segmentares - têm sido empregadas com sucesso. Objetivo: Apresentar a experiência de um serviço de cirurgia com ressecção laparoscópica de GIST. Métodos: Foram avaliados 15 pacientes com GIST operados revisados retrospectivamente. Treze tiveram lesões gástricas, das quais 10 eram subepiteliais entre 2-8 cm. Três eram lesões exofíticas puras. Dois apresentavam lesões no intestino delgado. O tratamento cirúrgico por laparoscopia consistiu de duas gastrectomias distais; 11 ressecções gástricas em cunha e duas enterectomias segmentares. Sutura mecânica foi utilizada na maioria dos doentes, exceto em seis com suturas absorvíveis manuais. Não houve conversões para laparotomia. Resultados: O tempo médio das operações foi de 89±92 min (40-420). A hospitalização média foi de três dias (2-6). Não houve fístula, sangramento pós-operatório ou necessidade de reintervenção por complicação cirúrgica. O seguimento médio pós-operatorio foi de 38±17 meses (6-60). Três pacientes foram encaminhados para terapia adjuvante com mesilato de imatinib, um deles por recidiva precoce aos cinco meses, e os outros dois por apresentarem risco moderado para recidiva. Conclusão: A ressecção laparoscópica de GIST, mesmo os maiores de 5 cm, é procedimento factível e seguro.

Background : Gastrointestinal mesenchymal or stromal tumors (GIST) are lesions originated on digestive tract walls, which are treated by surgical resection. Several laparoscopic techniques, from gastrectomies to segmental resections, have been used successfully. Aim : Describe a single center experience on laparoscopic GIST resection. Method : Charts of 15 operated patients were retrospectively reviewed. Thirteen had gastric lesions, of which ten were sub epithelial, ranging from 2-8 cm; and three were pure exofitic growing lesions. The remaining two patients had small bowel lesions. Surgical laparoscopic treatment consisted of two distal gastrectomies, 11 wedge gastric resections and two segmental enterectomies. Mechanical suture was used in the majority of patients except on six, which underwent resection and closure using manual absorbable sutures. There were no conversions to open technique. Results : Mean operative time was 1h 29 min±92 (40-420 min). Average lenght of hospital stay was three days (2-6 days). There were no leaks, postoperative bleeding or need for reintervention. Mean postoperative follow-up was 38±17 months (6-60 months). Three patients underwent adjuvant Imatinib treatment, one for recurrence five months postoperatively and two for tumors with moderate risk for recurrence . Conclusion : Laparoscopic GIST resection, not only for small lesions but also for tumors above 5 cm, is safe and acceptable technique.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a new, low-cost, reusable balloon trocar device for dissection of the preperitoneal space during endoscopic surgery.METHODS:Twenty swine (weight: 15-37 kg) were randomized to two groups, according to whether the preperitoneal space was created with a new balloon device manufactured by Bhio-Supply (group B) or with the commercially available OMSPDB 1000(r) balloon device manufactured by Covidien (group C). Quality and size of the created preperitoneal space, identification of anatomic structures, balloon dissection time, total procedure time, balloon resistance and internal pressure after insufflation with 300 mL of ambient air, balloon-related complications, and procedure cost were assessed.RESULTS:No significant differences in dissection time, total procedure time, or size of the created preperitoneal space were found between the groups. Balloons in group B had a significantly higher internal pressure compared to balloons in group C. None of the balloons ruptured during the experiment. Three animals in group C had balloon-related peritoneal lacerations. Despite a higher individual device cost, group B had a lower procedure cost over the entire experiment.CONCLUSION:The new balloon device is not inferior to the commercially available device in terms of the safety and effectiveness for creating a preperitoneal space in swine.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a contribuição de um programa de pós-graduação na carreira profissional de seus egressos. MÉTODOS: os participantes foram convidados a responder questionário com perguntas relacionadas a eventuais mudanças em seu desempenho profissional após o término do curso. RESULTADOS: quarenta e três (76,7%) dos 56 participantes elegíveis para o estudo responderam aos questionários. A maioria dos participantes, 32 (74,4%) já tinha contato prévio com a cirurgia laparoscópica, porém, apenas 14 (32,5%) relataram a experiência como cirurgião principal. As expectativas sobre o curso foram alcançadas ou superadas para 36 (83,7%) participantes. Trinta e sete (86%) incorporaram procedimentos minimamente invasivos em sua prática cirúrgica diária. E também 37 (86%) relataram melhorias em seus rendimentos superiores a 10%, e ainda 12% relataram aumento superior a 100% em seus rendimentos, diretamente relacionado com o incremento da atividade laparoscópica. CONCLUSÃO: o programa em cirurgia minimamente invasiva proporciona um elevado grau de satisfação aos seus participantes, e os capacita a realizar procedimentos técnicos mais complexos, como as suturas, além de melhorar seu desempenho economico profissional.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the contribution of a post-graduation program in surgeons professional careers. METHODS: participants were asked to answer a questionnaire with questions related to possible changes in their professional performance after the end of the course. RESULTS: forty-three (76.7%) of the 56 participants eligible for the study responded to the questionnaires. Most participants, 32 (74.4%), had previous contact with laparoscopic surgery; however, only 14 (32.5%) reported the experience as primary surgeon. The expectations on the course were reached or exceeded for 36 (83.7%) participants. Thirty-seven (86%) incorporated minimally invasive procedures in their daily surgical practice, 37 (86%) reported improvements in their income above 10% and 12% reported income increase of over 100%, directly related to their increase of laparoscopic activity. CONCLUSION: the program in minimally invasive surgery provides a high level of satisfaction to its participants, enables them to perform more complex technical procedures, such as sutures, and improves their professional economic performance.

Objetivo Avaliar o aprendizado de habilidades laparoscópicas básicas em estudantes de Medicina submetidos a treinamento em um simulador.Métodos Estudantes de Medicina do primeiro e segundo ano participaram de um treinamento de exercícios de laparoscopia em simuladores. Nenhum estudante havia cursado a disciplina de técnica operatória ou teve exposição prévia a cirurgias ou treinamento cirúrgico. Os mesmos tiveram seu tempo coletado antes e após treinamento de 150 minutos. A aquisição de habilidade foi medida comparando tempo e pontuações dos alunos em relação a cirurgiões instrutores em cirurgia laparoscópica.Resultados O trabalho teve a participação de 68 alunos, com média de idade de 20,4 anos. Houve predomínio de alunos do primeiro ano (62%). Na comparação pré e pós-treino, todos os alunos obtiveram melhora de desempenho em pontuação e tempo dos exercícios, com significância estatística (p<0,001). A pontuação apresentou variação de melhora de 294.1 a 823%. Análise univariada e multivariada identificaram que alunos do segundo ano obtiveram um maior ganho de desempenho com o treinamento.Conclusões Estudantes de Medicina nunca expostos à técnicas cirúrgicas adquirem habilidades laparoscópicas básicas em treinamento sistematizado em simuladores. Alunos do segundo ano apresentaram melhor desempenho em relação a alunos do primeiro ano.

Objective To assess the acquisition of basic laparoscopic skills of Medical students trained on a surgical simulator.Methods First- and second-year Medical students participated on a laparoscopic training program on simulators. None of the students had previous classes of surgical technique, exposure to surgical practice nor training prior to the enrollment in to the study. Students´ time were collected before and after the 150-minute training. Skill acquisition was measured comparing time and scores of students and senior instructors of laparoscopic surgeryResults Sixty-eight students participated of the study, with a mean age of 20.4 years, with a predominance of first-year students (62%). All students improved performance in score and time, after training (p<0,001). Score improvement in the exercises ranged from 294.1 to 823%. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified that second-year Medical students have achieved higher performance after training.Conclusions Medical students who had never been exposed to surgical techniques can acquire basic laparoscopic skills after training in simulators. Second-year undergraduates had better performance than first-year students.

We present a case of a 54-year-old man with abdominal pain four hours after colonoscopy and upper endoscopy. Since he had had a polipectomy and an ulcer was seen in the terminal ileum, the diagnosis of appendicitis was even more difficult. The authors discuss the rarity of this situation and the minimally invasive approach to treat appendicitis.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do NOTES, comparado à cirurgia laparoscópica, mediante análise de parâmetros fisiológicos além de complicações operatórias e evolução pós-operatória. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 12 suínos fêmeas, distribuídas em dois grupos: grupo laparoscopia (Glap) e grupo NOTES (GNotes). Os animais foram submetidos à biópsia hepática e peritoneal laparoscópica ou via endoscópica transvaginal. A cada 10 minutos foram anotadas a frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, saturação de O2 e concentração expiratória de CO2. No 7° PO, os animais foram submetidos à laparotomia para avaliação de complicações intra-abdominais. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos animais apresentou perda ponderal após o procedimento, entretanto em nenhum caso superior a 5%. Não houve diferença na variação percentual do peso entre os grupos (p=0,7535). Também não foram observadas diferenças ao se comparar as médias da ETCO2 (p=0,4762), e médias da FC (p=0,6035). Entretanto, o GLap apresentou médias de FR superiores ao GNotes (p=0,0043) assim como as médias da saturação de O2 (p=0,0080) foram superiores. Porém, nenhum animal apresentou satO2 inferior a 87% e esta diferença não foi considerada clinicamente significante. Apenas um animal do GNotes apresentou complicação operatória. CONCLUSÃO: NOTES está associado a parâmetros fisiológicos operatórios semelhantes aos encontrados na cirurgia laparoscópica A realização de peritonioscopia transvaginal não está associada a aumento das complicações operatórias comparado à laparoscopia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of NOTES compared to laparoscopic surgery, through the analysis of physiological parameters as well as surgical complications and postoperative outcome, for liver biopsy. METHODS: 12 female pigs were divided into two groups: laparoscopy group (GLap) and NOTES group (GNote). The animals underwent liver biopsy by peritoneal laparoscopy or transvaginal endoscopy. The respiratory rate, heart rate, O2 saturation and expiratory concentrations of CO2 were recorded every 10 minutes. In the seventh postoperative day, the animals underwent laparotomy for evaluation of intra-abdominal complications. RESULTS: Most of the animals showed weight loss after the procedure, however in no case more than 5%. There was no difference in percentage change in weight between the groups (p = 0.7535). Also, no differences were observed when comparing the averages of ETCO2 (p = 0.4762), and average heart rate (p = 0.6035). However, the GLap showed higher respiratory rate than the GNote (p = 0.0043), as well as the average O2 saturation (p = 0.0080). However, no animal showed SatO2 less than 87% and this difference was not considered clinically significant. Only one GNote animal presented with an operative complication. CONCLUSION: NOTES is associated with physiological parameters similar to those found in operative laparoscopy. Performing transvaginal peritonioscopy is not associated with increased postoperative complications when compared to laparoscopy.

Our objective is to report a case of gallbladder torsion treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A 87 year old patient presented with intense right upper quadrant pain, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Murphy's sign was present at physical examination. Hemogram showed 9.200 leukocytes/mm³, with six bands. Ultrassonography showed a distended gallbladder, perivesicular fluid collection, wall edema, and sludge with stones inside. At laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there was a complete gallbladder torsion with areas of necrosis. There was no postoperative complication. Pathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of acute calculous cholecystitis with areas of necrosis.

O objetivo do presente estudo é apresentar as complicações que ocorreram em seiscentos pacientes consecutivos com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico submetidos à fundoplicatura laparoscópica. O procedimento de Nissen-Rosetti (fundoplicatura de 360°) foi realizado em 587 pacientes (97,8%) e o de Toupet (fundoplicatura de 270°) em 13 (2,2%). Oitenta e um pacientes também foram submetidos à colecistectomia no mesmo ato operatório, e um a diverticulectomia faringoesofágica cervical com miotomia cricofaringeana. Trinta e nove pacientes tinham operação prévia no abdome superior. O período de internação hospitalar variou de 12 horas a 23 dias, com média de 1,2 dias. A via de acesso foi convertida em laparotomia em dez pacientes (1,7%). A principal causa de conversão foi a presença de aderências. A complicação intra- operatória mais freqüente foi pneumotórax, que foi observado em oito pacientes. Todos os pneumotóraces ocorreram nos cem primeiros casos. Cinco pacientes apresentaram hemorragia significante, sendo que dois deles necessitaram laparotomia para controle do sangramento. Úlcera gástrica foi diagnosticada em sete pacientes. Um paciente etilista morreu de pancreatite aguda e outro de síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas conseqüente à perfuração gástrica. Outras complicações importantes foram: dois abscessos intra-abdominais, uma perfuração esofágica, uma sepse secundária à perfuração gástrica, um choque hemorrágico e uma obstrução gástrica secundária à herniação da fundoplicatura. Concluímos que a taxa de complicações da fundoplicatura laparoscópica é baixa e diminui significativamente com a experiência do cirurgião.

The objective of the present study is to present the complications that occurred in 600 consecutive patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication. A Nissen-Rosetti procedure (360° fundoplication) was performed in 587 patients (97.8%) and a Toupet procedure (270(0) fundoplication) in 13 (2.2%). Eighty- one patients were also subjected to a concurrent cholecystectomy and one patient a concurrent cervical pharyngoesophageal diverticulectomy with cricopharyngeal myotomy. Thirty-nine patients had a previous upper abdominal operation. The period of hospitalization varied from 12 hours to 23 days, with an average of 1.2 days. The operation was converted to an open procedure in 10 patients (1,7%). The main cause of conversion was the presence of adhesions. The most frequent intraoperative complication was pneumothorax, that was observed in eight patients. All pneumothoraces occurred in the first 100 cases. Five patients had significant operative bleeding; two of them required laparotomy for bleeding control. Gastric ulcer was diagnosed in seven patients. One alcoholic patient died of acute pancreatitis and other with gastric perforation of multiple organ failure syndrome. Other major complications were two intrabdominal abscesses, one esophageal perforation, one sepsis due to gastric perforation, one hemorrhagic shock, and one gastric obstruction due to fundoplication herniation. It is concluded that complications of laparoscopic fundoplication are low and decrease significantly with the surgeon's experience.